Quiz Essay - 1087 Words

1.Economics is best defined as the study of A) financial decision-making.B) how consumers make purchasing decisions.C) choices made by people faced with scarcity.D) inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.Points Earned: 0.4/0.4Correct Answer(s): C 2.Scarcity can best be defined as a situation in whichA) there are no buyers willing to purchase what sellers have produced.B) there are not enough goods to satisfy all of the buyers demand.C) the resources we use to produce goods and services are limited.D) there is more than enough money to satisfy consumers wants.Points Earned: 0.4/0.4Correct Answer(s): C 3.An arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to exchange things is calledA) a contract.B) a market.C) money.D) efficient.Points†¦show more content†¦He decidesto study an extra hour for his philosophy exam. This is an example of A) thinking at the margin.B) using assumptions to simplify.C) ceteris paribus.D) caveat emptor.Points Earned: 0.4/0.4Correct Answer(s): A 10.When economists assume that people are rational and respond to incentives, they meanA) people act with kindness.B) people are altruistic.C) people act in their own self-interest.D) people are selfish.Points Earned: 0.4/0.4Correct Answer(s): C 11.Macroeconomics is best described as the study of A) very large issues.B) the choices made by individual households, firms, and governments.C) the nations economy as a whole.D) the relationship between inflation and wage inequality.Points Earned: 0.4/0.4Correct Answer(s): C 12.Which of the following is a microeconomic question?A) Should companies pay for employees health insurance?B) Why do some countries have higher economic growth rates than other countries?C) Should Congress and the president take action to reduce the unemployment rate?D) Should the Fed attempt to influence the interest rate to control potential inflation?Points Earned: 0.4/0.4Correct Answer(s): A 13.There is a positive relationshipShow MoreRelatedEssay The Quiz Show1015 Words   |  5 Pages The film, â€Å"The Quiz Show† is about the famous public revealing of a rigged television production called Twenty-One during the 1950s. 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Describe the variable. d. Identify the statistic and give its value. e. Identify the parameter and give its value. 2. (HWK) A drug manufacturer is interested in the proportion of persons who

Leadership Activity Free Essays

II. Reality Check Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Activity or any similar topic only for you Order Now com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To pinpoint actual leadership behavior and to set behavior goals How the author has used this exercise:   I have had success using this exercise as a pre- workshop self-inquiry activity. I have also used it as a homework assignment. Its strength lies in the fact that it paints a picture of actual behavior and then helps the leader see how he or she can redistribute behavior. Activity Description: * Have the participants think about what they actually do on a daily basis. Then ask them to draw generalizations about how they spend their leadership time. Each participant completes the Leadership Behavior Chart below (In blue font). * You can follow up with full group or small group discussion. The central question is this: Is your leadership behavior out of sync with the way that you feel an effective leader should be spending his or her energy? Think about your daily interaction with the people who you lead. Generally speaking, determine the actual behaviors that define that interaction. Using the list of behaviors below, determine the amount of time (in percentages) that you generally spend on each behavior. Then in the second column, determine what you feel would be ideal distribution of time (in percentages). Behavior | Percentage of time spent on each behavior | Ideally the percentage of time you would devote to each behavior | Informing |    |    | Directing |    |    | Clarifying or Justifying |    |    | Persuading |    |    | Collaborating |    |    | Brainstorming or Envisioning |    |    | Reflecting (Quiet Time for Thinking) |    |    | Observing |    |    | Disciplining |    |    | Resolving interpersonal conflicts |    |    | Praising and/or encouraging |    |    | Follow Up Questions 1. Is there a gap between how you should spend your energy and how you actually spend it? 2. Are there some behaviors that are taking up too much of your leadership time? Why? 3. Are there some strategies that you can employ that would move you closer to your ideal distribution of behavior? Options:   A. Some groups may want to calculate behavior totals to see how their peers are spending their energy. B. From the third column it is easy to move into a discussion about â€Å"ideal† leader distribution of energy. C. You may also use this same format with both meeting and team interaction. Added thoughts or considerations: Since this activity helps participants see what they are actually doing, it helps them translate leadership theory into real behavior. Once participants review their charts it is easier for them to design strategies to align their leadership behavior. –Return to Top– III. Your Leadership Calendar Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To extend leadership learning beyond the workshop. How the author has used this exercise:   This exercise is a good follow up or homework activity. Activity Description: Ask the participants to mark twelve different days on their calendar spread out over four or six months. At the end of each marked day, participants should write down some leadership behavior (either positive or negative) that they exercised during that day. Each behavior should be followed by a reaction statement that answers two questions: â€Å"How did I feel about my action or behavior? †Ã‚   and   â€Å"How does this action or behavior jive with what I know about leadership best practices? Options:   On each marked day, the participant can send his or her personal leadership comments to a selected partner from the original workshop. This is a good method for accountability and feedback. Added thoughts or considerations: I almost always use the strategy in the Options section above. When people leave the workshop, they get caught up in daily mainten ance and frequently don’t get around to doing the follow up exercises. By having them contact a selected partner from the workshop, it puts a little pressure on them to follow through. –Return to Top– IV. Leadership Dance Card Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To encourage participants to talk to one another about specific leadership best practices How the author has used this exercise:   Very simply, I use this activity to get participants to share best practices. This format will work with almost any professional topic. Activity Description: Each leader has his or her own style of leadership. Some styles will work for you while others won’t. In this activity participants mix with the full group and sign up the names of three other participants on their â€Å"interview dance card. †Ã‚   Then during a set period of time (this may be done over an extended break or even a lunch period) participants seek out their â€Å"dance partners† to conduct a short leadership interview. They ask each other a set of questions provided by the facilitator and record the responses. Below are some leadership interview questions that I have used in this activity: 1. How do you motivate your reports? 2. How do you keep your reports meaningfully informed? 3. How do you maintain your team’s focus on specific goals? 4. How do you set, clarify, and hold your reports accountable to   your expectations? 5. How do you recognize successful work? Note: you may want to restrict each interview to one or two questions depending on the amount of time you want to devote to this activity. When the full group reconvenes, the facilitator asks participants to share leadership tips and strategies that they picked up in their interviews. The facilitator may want to make a master list of these to pass out later. Options:   Have the group brainstorm for interview questions to be used in the interviews. Added thoughts or considerations: This activity serves many purposes: it gets the participants moving around, it connects people, and it is an efficient strategy to share best practices. –Return to Top– V. Center Stage Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To visualize different leadership styles How the author has used this exercise:   If the group is comfortable with one another, a role playing activity can have some impact. I have used this activity to set up my   information about leadership styles. However, this same format can be used with a variety of different topics. Activity Description: Ask for four volunteers. One volunteer plays the role of a   team member who recently has missed meetings or arrived late. The other three volunteers each play the role of a different kind of leader. To save time I usually give the leader volunteers a personality trait from which they can create their persona: the by-the-book leader, the self-absorbed leader, the paternalistic leader, the softy, the blamer, the lecturer, the know-it-all, etc. Allow the volunteers to have some time to think about their role. Gather the full group in a circle and place two chairs in the middle. In turn, have each leader confront the team member. Explain the situation to the group before the role playing begins: Loren, the late team member, has not only been missing meetings or arriving late, he has also appeared to be very tired and disjointed. Some team members have suggested that Loren’s wife is ill, but others say the situation is rooted with Loren himself. As a leader, what is a good way to handle Loren? After all three scenarios have been played out, ask the full group to comment on the different leadership approaches—What worked? What could the leaders have done differently? How would the â€Å"ideal† leader handle this situation? This activity is a good spring board to exploring different leadership styles. Options:   You may want to have the full group identify three different role playing situations. Added thoughts or considerations: I try to check with some of the participants before the workshop begins to see if the group would be comfortable or willing to engage in a role playing activity. -Return to Top– VI. Leaders you Admire Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To seek leadership characteristics through personal experience How the author has used this exercise:   I ha ve found stories to be a powerful way for participants to connect to the workshop subject matter. Generally people like to tell and hear stories. Activity Description: Divide the group into small groups. Ask participants to share a story about the best or most influential leader that they have encountered. After each story, identify leadership characteristics by asking the question: â€Å"What was it that made this person such an effective leader? †   Then as a group, identify the traits that all the leaders seemed to share. All groups then write the shared traits on a white board. You can use this traits list as a springboard to explore more about what makes a good leader. Options:   You can ask the groups to share stories about the worst leaders they have encountered. You will get some dandy stories. Added thoughts or considerations: I like to insert an activity like this into a workshop when participants are starting to run a little low on energy. A good story swap frequently revives energy. Be sure not to drag this activity out too long. Encourage the participants to include details in their leadership examples. –Return to Top– VII. Leadership Swap Author: Tom Siebold is a writer and consultant in Minneapolis. He is also co-owner of Collegegrazing. com–a site to help college bound teens to learn more about what they need and want in a college. Objective (s): To exchange leadership ideas and build participant rapport How the author has used this exercise:   Sometimes it is helpful to allow the participants to have some time just to swap leadership examples. In short they have some time to portray their own leadership style by giving examples. Activity Description: This activity is a structured leadership example exchange. Divide the group into groups of three. From the list of â€Å"situations† below, instruct the groups to take turns giving examples of something they have done or witnessed. Leadership Situations * A creative twist on a situation or issue. * A clever improvisation–â€Å"dancing on your feet† * A pleasant surprise * An Aha moment * Something that generated a great deal of excitement * A conflict resolved * A breakthrough insight or solution * A really tough situation * A blindside experience * A moving (emotional) situation Options:   You may want the groups to identify their own Leadership Situations Added thoughts or considerations: Remember that this is a set up activity, so don’t let it go on too long. How to cite Leadership Activity, Papers

Allocation Rules for Airports in the United States of America

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Allocation Rules for Airports in the United States of America. Answer: 1). The Airport slot allocation process: The following steps are involved in the slot allocation process. 1). Initiation of Slot Trade Posting: One airline pledges a desire to trade slots and they may be Buying, Selling, Swapping, Leasing in or leasing out the slot (I.A.T.A, 2010). 2). Posting and Alerts: Once the slot post is agreed upon between the carrier and the airport, the parties receive alerts either via email or SMS thus ensuring the requirements are distributed effectively (F.A.A, 2016). 3). Expressions of Interest: Interested airlines must record an Expression of Interest (EOI) before the deadline which is a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA). After exchanging NDAs between both parties, slot details, airlines are revealed, and the confidentiality of both are protected (F.A.A, 2011). 4). Agree Trade: The aforementioned processes are done on slottrade.aero and in this process, the airlines and airports enter into mutual discussions to agree on a trade. However, these discussions are not part of slottrade.aero and the parties take responsibility for undertaking their own due diligence inquiries as well as making appropriate contracts (Randt et al., 2015). 5). Complete Trade: If a contract is reached between both the airports and the airlines then a slot business is ratified with the airport control authority who confirms viability once the deal is termed possible (I.A.T.A, 2010). 2). Examining Pros and Cons of various candidate selection rules of the U.S Department of Transportation and Federal Aviation Administration: In this section, we will identify, explore, and analyse the candidate selection rules set by both the U.S Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration. We will also explore the pros and cons of each model implemented, recommended, and used by both. The Federal Aviation administration is the main body that oversees all rules, regulations, methodologies, functions and practices of airlines, airports, and all other issues pertaining to aviation. The U.S Department of Transportation is the parent agency of the Federal Aviation Administration and that rules of both the Federal Aviation Administration and the U.S. Department of Transportation have laid foundations of the rules and statutes of International Air Transport Association (IATA) (I.A.T.A, 2010 and F.A.A, 2016). U.S Department of Transportation airport slot allocation rules: Introduction: The U.S Department of Transportation was formed in 1965 on the recommendations of Najeeb Halaby to President Lyndon Johnson, who emphasised that transportation should be elevated to a more cabinet level privilege as he had expressed his frustrations with the continuous restrictions the U.S Department of Defence had put on air travel and transport (U.S Department of Transportation, 2016). The agencies working under the U.S Department of Transport are as under: Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A). Federal Highway Administration (F.H.W.A). Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (F.M.C.S.A). Federal Railroad Administration (F.R.A). Federal Transit Administration (F.T.A). Maritime Administration (M.A.R.A.D). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (N.H.T.S.A). Office of Inspector General (O.I.G). Office of the Secretary of Transportation (O.S.T). Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (P.H.M.S.A). Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation (S.L.S.D.C). Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (O.S.T-R). Surface Transportation Board (S.T.B). The Federal Aviation Administration oversees all aviation related activities and reports directly to the U.S Department of Transportation. However, there have been widespread conflicting issues over the jurisdictional authority and rules of both (USA Today, 2015). U.S Department of Transportations model for Airport slots: The U.S Department of Transportation allocates slots as per the guidelines of International Air Transport Association (I.A.T.A) which are as under: Schedule facilitation should be based on process adjusting schedules in a common agreement between the airlines, airport and airport control authorities to avoid congestions and delays. The airport control authority should adjust the smallest number of operations by the least amount of time to avoid crossing the airport's synchronisation limits. The airline must advise the airport control authority of all planned flights and maintenance operations before operating the flight. Airlines should not intentionally operate services. Planned times are based on planned departure and arrival times. At times, the actual times may differ due to an array of operational factors. Standard Schedules Information Manual (SSIM) message exchange formats must be used for communications at level 2 airports. Calendar of Coordination Activities specifies deadlines of facilitation processes to be acted upon by both airlines, airports and other facilitators. All activities of facilitated operations are to be recorded in UTC time format. Pros and Cons of this model: Being the primary authority for transportation and transport control, the U.S Department of Transportations model is feasible in theory. It does guarantee airport tiers as well as tiers of operations and agreements with airlines and has granted exemptions to some airports and airlines as well (US Government Accountability Office, 2012). These controlled slots mechanism have helped many domestic airports in America reduce delays as well as relieving congestion of aircraft traffic at airports in harsh winter weather to ensure nonstop flights and reducing the traffic on major international airports as well (Wise, 2016). However, this model has also been criticised for the fact that it benefitted only small airlines and that airports of Washington D.C Metropolitan area, as well as those of New York metro area, were benefitted heavily. Furthermore, larger airlines such as American airlines as well as Delta airlines have used this model to hoard and even guard slots from smaller competing airlines (USA Today, 2015). Airport slot allocation rules of the Federal Aviation Administration: Introduction: The Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A) is the national authority overseeing and regulating all characteristics of American civil aviation, be it building, operation and management of airfields, managing air traffic, authorization of employees and airliners and protecting American assets during the inauguration or re-entry of marketable space vehicles (Federal Aviation Administration, 2016). Its roles include modifying U.S commercial airspace and carriage, amending symmetrical and flight examination standards of air course-plotting accommodations, encouraging and developing civil aeronautics as well as aiding in developing new technologies, issuance, suspension and revoking certificates and licenses of pilots, regulating and promoting safety, researching and developing the national skies as well as civil aeronautics and lastly, developing and carrying out programs to control conservational impressions of civil aeronautics especially aircraft noise (Federal Aviation Administration , 2011). The F.A.A Model for slot allocation: The Federal Aviation Administrations model is slightly similar to the model based on IATAs framework and also resembles the model set by the US Department of Transport but the workings are different. The postulates of the model are as under: 1). Registration for slot allocation: The F.A.A holds that new and incumbent airlines with total slot holdings standing below 5 percent at domestic airports and those who do not have any code sharing agreements with their intended airports may participate in the reallocation of slots at the respective airports they intend to operate in as well (Federal Aviation Administration, 2016). These eligible airlines are advised to register themselves on F.A.As portal as well as emailing their applications to the F.A.A as well. They should keep in mind that they cannot submit joint bids with an airline and that only individual bids are accepted and the registering airlines must state that whether they are individual airlines or have merged with other large airlines as well as mentioning that they are subsidiaries of larger airlines (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). 2). Slot Bundles: Each airport has its own bundle of slots as well as an asking bid price for those slots. Example of such is specified below for New Yorks La Guardia (LGA) Airport: (Wensveen, 2011). 3). Bidding on slot bundles: In order to acquire a slot, the airlines must be registered bidders and must submit their bids in cash during the bidding period. Also, they can also submit more than one bid during the bidding process and that the F.A.A will interpret the newest acknowledged offer as that particular buyers concluding bid. When emailing their bids, airlines should include the airports name and slot allocation purpose in the emails subject line by mentioning Buyer identification number, slot bundle, preferred rank and price of the bid (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). However, The F.A.A will reject emails and bids that do not contain complete information. Bids are effective when they are received and withdrawal is not permitted by the F.A.A. Also, the F.A.A will post all information regarding the bids on their board and website (Federal Aviation Administration, 2016). 4). Completing slot reallocation transactions: The F.A.A will notify both divesting airlines as well as those who won the bids for each package of the winning offer and interact with them for completing the necessary payments. Also, both the divesting airline and the bid winner enter into an obligatory settlement with regards to the auction of the dissociated spots in 5 functioning days after the day of announcement of the completion of the offer. Consequently, the F.A.A expects airlines to notify them of their entry into binding agreements of the sports via email certifying that only distribution would be or exchanged for the slots (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). 5). Posting Bid Information and Queries: When the F.A.A has received the notice of the obligatory agreement, it posts the notification of the persuasive bid and identity of the bid winner accordingly. It will also post all other information regarding the bids and their respective bidders. It is also unlikely that no submissions are received for a specific slot parcel as such would then revert back to the F.A.A and notice for such will also be posted if no bids are made. The airlines are also at liberty to contact F.A.A to resolve any issues and queries regarding such (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011). Pros and Cons of this model: This model is comprehensively used by most airlines around the U.S.A in terms of domestic traffic and domestic flights as the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S.A is the leading body of aviation monitoring and development (U.S Government Accountability Office, 2012). This model provides a comprehensive structure of bidding for airlines and invites all sorts of airlines, albeit with some restrictions in order to ensure competition remains intact and that no unfair bidding practices are practised by large airlines and their subsidiaries (Sanchez et al., 2015). However, this model has been criticised for being too relaxed and not allowing bidding for international slots as well as compared to the model provided by the U.S Department of Transport (Hatford et al., 2015). Furthermore, the F.A.As total monopolistic control over the aviation market as well as conflicting rules and regulations in excessive cases have been observed and many airlines have expressed concern over whether the F.A.A is the supreme controlling authority or the U.S Department of Transportation and that many large airlines argue that the F.A.A just admits too many low-cost carriers at U.S Domestic Airports (USA Today, 2015). Recommendation of the best model: The U.S Department of Transport is the parent body of the Federal Aviation Administration and caters to a wide array of transportation bodies and networks. It also has the rights and duties of overseeing the aviation sector but often depends on reports provided by the Federal Aviation Administration (Halford et al., 2015). Both the U.S Department of Transport and the Federal Aviation Administration were the brainchildren of Najeeb Halaby, former U.S Secretary of Transport and administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration as well and He was also instrumental in expanding the influence of both the U.S Department of Transport and Federal Aviation Administration in worldwide aviation (Randt et al., 2015). The Federal Aviation Administration is not only the chief aviation body of the U.S.A but also its model is the best one suited to the U.S market. It not only keeps the slots in check but keeps the prices regulated as well. It also ensures competition and fair trade, maintains che ck and balance on airline formation, keeps regulations and amendments in place to ensure timely prevention of unfair practices by low cost carriers and their larger carriers and ensures wellbeing of American aircraft manufacturers as well (F.A.A, 2016). The British model of airport slot management is different as The British Civil Aviation does not have total control on all airports. London Luton, Heathrow and Gatwick airports have been privatised and are currently under control of ACL which also manages Dubai International Airport (West, 2016). The F.A.As model is different as the airports are not only under state and regional control but also airports are national assets and they shall remain under control of the state as it is in the best interests of the state and is strongly preferred by the U.S Department of Defense to keep all American Transport hubs and ports under U.S control (U.S Government Accountability Office, 2015). The model provided by the F.A.A is as comprehensive as the U.S Department of Transports model as they both are exactly alike. The fact is that, in effective management, delegation is the key. When the F.A.A is in place, there is no need for the U.S Department of Transport to completely interfere in its activities unless and until its necessary and that the U.S Department of Transport keeps a check and balance in F.A.As reporting and activities (U.S Department of Transport, 2016). Since the U.S Department of Transport needs a body to check aviation and airport systems effectively as well as protecting American airlines from Foreign competition, the Federal Aviation Administration is the key to such and has effectively handled all aviation activities since its inception. Najeeb Halaby was wise in the creation of the U.S Department of Transport and the Federal Aviation Administration which further indicate the efficiencies of both bodies. Despite hindrances, both bodies have worked exce ptionally well and continue to do so (Wise, 2016). Outcomes of the model provided by the F.A.A: The Federal Aviation Administration was conceived before the U.S Department of Transport in 1958 and was merged with the Department of Transport under Najeeb Halabys recommendation to U.S President Lyndon Johnson in 1967. The Federal Aviation Administration worked under the department of defence of the U.S.A and has the sole responsibility for researching, developing, managing, maintaining and enhancing the American civil aviation (Randt et al., 2015). The Federal Aviation Administration also reviews and amends the bidding processes for slots across all airports in the United States of America and has jurisdictions in overseas American territories as well. The Federal Aviation Administration also works with airliner manufacturers as well as their parts manufacturers as well as the airport controllers and municipalities in determining the kind of aircraft best suited to the airports and the routes needs (Wensveen, 2011). The F.A.A has also allowed fair competition in the American Avia tion market giving many small and medium sized airlines as well as low-cost carriers considerable breathing space in terms of business and has also helped them in obtaining slots (West, 2016). Implications of Inaction and Inability to act upon the F.A.As model: First Scenario: We assume the U.S Department of Transport has the sole authority and proceeds as it deems necessary. However, we will see a monopoly of airlines at domestic airports meaning that there wont be a balanced approach and that large airliners and their subsidiaries will be occupying the slots at American domestic airports and that low-cost carriers will be forced out of business. In order to avoid such scenario, the U.S Department of Transport delegated all aviation related duties to the Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A) (USA Today, 2015). Second Scenario: We assume the U.S Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A) has total control and that the Federal Aviation Administration does not report regularly to the U.S Department of Transport. In this case, the prices of slots will not only rise but will also fall without check and balance, and furthermore, American carriers may risk losing out to even smaller carriers as well as foreign carriers. Protecting national interests and keeping check and balance is a must (Federal Aviation Administration, 2016). Third Scenario: We assume both the U.S Department of Transport and the Federal Aviation Administration perform renewals after every 5 years. Renewing after every 5 years may not be possible for the aviation industry as the industry has not only seen a slump but also that there have been mergers among airline firms worldwide. Furthermore, the American domestic airline and flight market is a strong one and that which is heavily protected and that both F.A.A and U.S Department of Transport need to be on their toes to see whether amendments need to be made in the rules and agreements or not (Wise, 2016). References Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A) (2011) Procedures for the Reallocation (auction) of slots at Ronald Reagan Washington national airport and LaGuardia airport. Available at: https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/agc/ReAllocation/media/Reallocation_Procedures.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2016). Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A) (2016) Federal aviation administration. Available at: https://www.faa.gov/ (Accessed: 22 October 2016). Halford, C.D., Goglia, J.J. and Stolzer, A.J. (2015) Implementing Safety Management Systems in Aviation. London, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing. International Air Transport Association (IATA) (2010) Airport slots - the building blocks of air travel. Available at: https://airlines.iata.org/analysis/airport-slots-the-building-blocks-of-air-travel (Accessed: 22 October 2016). Randt, N.P., Jessberger, C., Pltner, K. and Becker, A. (2015) Air traffic growth, energy, and the environment 2040: Drivers, challenges, and opportunities for aviation, International Journal of Aviation Management, 2(3/4), p. 144. Doi: 10.1504/ijam.2015.072377. Sweet, K.M. (2008) Aviation and airport security: Terrorism and safety concerns, Second edition. 2nd edn. Boca Raton: Taylor Francis. Snchez, D., Naumann, J., Porter, N. and Knowles, A. (2015) Current Issues in Aviation Noise Management: A Non-Acoustic Factors Perspective, ICSV22, pp. 1216. U.S. Government Accountability Office (2012) Slot-Controlled Airports: FAAs rules could be improved to enhance competition and use of available capacity. Available at: https://www.gao.gov/assets/650/648219.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2016). United States Department of Transportation (2016) Aviation. Available at: https://www.transportation.gov/aviation (Accessed: 22 October 2016). USA Today (2015) Airlines argue over rules restricting access to NYC airports. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2015/06/18/faa-slots-new-york-airports-jfk-laguardia-newark-american-delta-united-virgin-southwest-allegiant/28872069/ (Accessed: 22 October 2016). Wensveen, J.G. (2011) Air transportation: A management perspective. 7th edn. Farnham, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing. Wise, B. (2016) Safety risk management principles from the federal aviation administration, in Residents Handbook of Medical Quality and Safety. Springer Nature, pp. 1720.

The History of Public Health and the Role free essay sample

The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse When considering the evolution of healthcare and the role of the nurse in the United States, many people might first consider this in the context of the hospital setting. While the history of acute care is an important area to consider, it is imperative that equal attention be given to the history of public health and the role played by the urse in this segment of the healthcare continuum. The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of the public health nurse and to specifically look at the role of nursing in home health and hospice. History of Public Health Nursing In the late 1800s there was a large number of people living in poverty throughout the world, with New York City being no exception. Lillian Wald was a pioneer of the public health movement whose role as a public health nurse in New York City was born out of true necessity. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Public Health and the Role or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wald believed that public health nurses must treat social and conomic problems, not simply take care of sick people (Fee Bu, 2010, p. 1206). In the latter part of the 19th century, there was an increasing understanding about the science behind communicable disease and the importance of educating people regarding disease prevention to reduce the spread of illness (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012). Settlement houses were one avenue used to reach the community in need and teach disease prevention strategies, along with helping this population gain access to social services often including childcare, public kitchens, public baths, and shelter for the homeless. In 1893, two trained nurses in New York City, Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster, established the Henry Street Settlement. This led into the development of the Visiting Nurse Service of New York City (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012). Walds work as a nurse in the public health realm continued and she emerged as the established leader of public health nursing during its early decades (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012, p. 27). 3 Historically, public health nurses have worked to improve the quality of life of population targeted by this profession is still consistent with this premise in the 21st entury. Public health nurses in this day and age still work with vulnerable groups, but also with the general public. In public health nursing today, high-risk, vulnerable populations are often the focus of care and may include the frail elderly, homeless individuals, sedentary individuals, smokers, teen mothers, and those at risk for a specific disease (Kulbok, Thatcher, Park, Meszaros, 2012, para 3) Impact on Nursing Practice The role of the community or public health nurse in regards to hospice care is the position to be elaborated upon for this assignment. Generally, in order for a patient to qualify for healthcare coverage for hospice care, they must have a life expectancy of six months or less. Traditionally, people have considered patients with cancer to be the primary recipients of hospice care, but most any terminal disease process should qualify for this in home end of life care if the patients needs can be adequately met. There are also hospice care facilities where the patient is either transferred to a unit specified for this level of care, or a patient with a shorter life xpectancy might be considered to be receiving hospice care on a regular unit while only palliative measures are being taken. For the purposes of this assignment, the focus is being kept on hospice in the home setting. Hospice care delivered in the community is either primary care or secondary care, depending on the specific situation. The patients primary physician might refer the patient to the hospice care team who may then take over the primary care role. Another scenario is that a hospice team could be consulted to assist with care, yet he primary physician would remain responsible for the routine decisions about patient care (Weckmann, 2008). The primary care 4 provider, be it hospice care physician or primary care physician, must strive diligently to communicate clearly with the patient and family about desires and expectations for end of life care. There are may be ethical dilemmas that arise in the hospice setting that could be worked through more easily if the patients wishes are made clear. The decision to provide hydration and or nutrition parenterally or enterally when a patient cannot at or drink for themselves can often pose a dilemma. At what point should this life prolonging sustenance be stopped? At what point is this ordinary humane care, and when does it become an extraordinary measure that prolongs life and therefore perpetuates discomfort. The home hospice nurse can play a vital role in assuring that this issue is addressed as early and thoroughly as is feasible given the individual situation. It is important to gently encourage the patient and family to have these conversations before the patient is unable to communicate their wishes (Lamers, 2013). Summary The community health nurse in a hospice care practice setting plays a key role in as possible. The evolution of hospice care has enabled terminally ill individuals to feel some sense of control over their situation, which can help afford a sense of peace for the patient and help with the grieving process (Holdsworth King, 2011). When a patient receives end of life hospice care, the team focuses on the patients quality of life and comfort level, not on curing or fixing the disease process. The home hospice nurse should work toward affirming the patients life and help them to view eath as a natural life process.

Free Essays on Coming Of Age . Greasy Lake By T.Coraghessen Boyle

People ‘come of age’ differently. The short story â€Å"Greasy Lake† by T.Coraghessen Boyle, is certainly a story about coming of age, which revolves around lessons learned the extremest, harshest and toughest ways. The story is specific and universal at the same time. The characters are upper-middle-class young people who realize their natural selves through events which happened due to their careless behaviour and distraction of their ideals. People are different and their reactions to life’s events are different as well. There are two types of people: people who get life’s experience from somebody else’s mistakes, learning from those mistakes, and people who learn from their own experience, making their own mistakes. The last ones are stupid enough not to accept the life experience of others. To come to the realization they need something really bad, which is out of the ordinary, to happen to them. How different people come of age depends not only on age, but also on certain circumstances, such as having a family or being an orphan or previous life experience. Due to those factors different events might be significant for coming of age. In this short story the main characters are upper-middle class people, but they behave unlike upper-middle class people trying to imitate something unusual, which is not accepted by their social status group. â€Å"We were all dangerous characters the n. We worn torn–up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouths, sniffed glue and ether and what somebody claimed was cocaine. †¦ We read Andre Gide and strike to elaborate poses to show that we didn’t give a shit about anything.†(Boyle 35). This is a kind of a rebelling attempt, which youth always undertakes. It is a kind of a protest against social programming, which is always imposed by the older middle-upper class generations. But in this story the main characters go too far, so lessons they had to re... Free Essays on Coming Of Age . Greasy Lake By T.Coraghessen Boyle Free Essays on Coming Of Age . Greasy Lake By T.Coraghessen Boyle People ‘come of age’ differently. The short story â€Å"Greasy Lake† by T.Coraghessen Boyle, is certainly a story about coming of age, which revolves around lessons learned the extremest, harshest and toughest ways. The story is specific and universal at the same time. The characters are upper-middle-class young people who realize their natural selves through events which happened due to their careless behaviour and distraction of their ideals. People are different and their reactions to life’s events are different as well. There are two types of people: people who get life’s experience from somebody else’s mistakes, learning from those mistakes, and people who learn from their own experience, making their own mistakes. The last ones are stupid enough not to accept the life experience of others. To come to the realization they need something really bad, which is out of the ordinary, to happen to them. How different people come of age depends not only on age, but also on certain circumstances, such as having a family or being an orphan or previous life experience. Due to those factors different events might be significant for coming of age. In this short story the main characters are upper-middle class people, but they behave unlike upper-middle class people trying to imitate something unusual, which is not accepted by their social status group. â€Å"We were all dangerous characters the n. We worn torn–up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouths, sniffed glue and ether and what somebody claimed was cocaine. †¦ We read Andre Gide and strike to elaborate poses to show that we didn’t give a shit about anything.†(Boyle 35). This is a kind of a rebelling attempt, which youth always undertakes. It is a kind of a protest against social programming, which is always imposed by the older middle-upper class generations. But in this story the main characters go too far, so lessons they had to re...

Valence Definition in Chemistry

Valence Definition in Chemistry Valence is typically  the number of electrons needed to fill the outermost shell of an atom. Because exceptions exist, the more general definition of valence is the number of electrons with which a given atom generally bonds or number of bonds an atom forms. (Think iron, which may have a valence of 2 or a valence of 3.) The IUPAC formal definition of valence is the maximum number of univalent atoms that may combine with an atom. Usually, the definition is based on the maximum number of either hydrogen atom or chlorine atoms. Note the IUPAC only defines a single valence value (the maximum), while atoms are known to be capable of displaying more than one valence. For example, copper commonly carries a valence of 1 or 2. Example A neutral carbon atom has 6 electrons, with an electron shell configuration of 1s22s22p2. Carbon has a valence of 4 since 4 electrons can be accepted to fill the 2p orbital. Common Valences Atoms of elements in the main group of the periodic table may display a valence between 1 and 7 (since 8 is a complete octet). Group 1 (I) : Na in NaClGroup 2 (II) : Mg in MgCl2Group 13 (III) : Al in AlCl3Group 14 (IV) : C in CO (double bond) or CH4 (single bonds)Group 15 (V) s are N in NH3 and P in PCl5Group 16 (VI) : O in H2OGroup 17 (VII) s: Cl in HCl Valence vs Oxidation State There are two problems with valence. First, the definition is ambiguous. Second, its just a whole number, without a sign to give you an indication of whether an atom will gain an electron or lose its outermost one(s). For example, the valence of both hydrogen and chlorine is 1, yet hydrogen usually loses its electron to become H, while chlorine usually gains an additional electron to become Cl-. The oxidation state is a better indicator of the electronic state of an atom because it has both magnitude and sign. Also, its understood an elements atoms may display different oxidation states depending on the conditions. The sign is positive for electropositive atoms and negative for electronegative atoms. The most common oxidation state of hydrogen is 8. The most common oxidation state for chlorine is -1. Brief History The word valence was described in 1425 from the Latin word valentia, which means strength or capacity. The concept of valence was developed in the second half of the 19th century to explain chemical bonding and molecular structure. The theory of chemical valences was proposed in an 1852 paper by Edward Frankland.

The History of Australian Mining Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The History of Australian Mining - Assignment Example Even in those early years trading routes were established which crisscrossed the country. The people also used coal for cooking and heating and it is mentioned in the dream stories of the Awabakal people who lived in the area of modern Newcastle. Modern day mining though began following the arrival of European settlers on the east coast seaboard in 1788. In the early days of the new colony Hawkesbury sandstone was quarried and shaped of use in early buildings at Sydney Cove. The incomers soon spread and the first discovery of coal occurred near Newcastle area in 1791, due to the activities of runaway convicts, including William Bryant. This discovery led to further investigations of possible sources and within a few years coal was being mined in several areas both north and South of Sydney. At first ship owners only collected coal from the surface at New castle. This they then shipped from 1798 onwards to the larger community at Sydney. The following year enough coal was available to allow its export to India. Half a century later in April 1851 gold was found by gold was made by John Lister and William Tom at Ophir, in central New South Wales. An associate of theirs Edward Hargraves, showed their gold to the then Colonial Secretary. It was Hargraves who claimed the reward of  £5000 for its discovery . Lister, Tom and the Rev. W.B. Clarke received only  £500 each. It seems however, according to recently discovered correspondence that the government had already acknowledged that there was gold to be found at Ophir.